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弗兰西斯?培根
王佐良译
Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability。Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business。
读书足以怡情,足以傅彩,足以长才。其怡情也,最见于独处幽居之时;其傅彩也,最见于高谈阔论之中;其长才也,最见于处世判事之际。
For expert and execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, e best form those that are learned。To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar。
练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节,然纵观统筹,全局策划,则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰,文采藻饰太盛则矫,全凭条文断事乃学究故态。
They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience; for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience。
读书补天然之不足,经验又补读书之不足,盖天生才干犹如自然花草,读书然后知如何修剪移接,而书中所示,如不以经验范之,则又大而无当。
Crafty men contemn studies; simple men admire them; and wise men use them: for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation。 电子书 分享网站
特质二 读书(8)
有一技之长者鄙读书,无知者羡读书,唯明智之士用读书,然书并不以用处告人,用书之智不在书中,而在书外,全凭观察得之。
Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted;nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider。
读书时不可存心诘难读者,不可尽信书上所言,亦不可只为寻章摘句,而应推敲细思。
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested: that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention。Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books; else distilled books are, like mon distilled waters, flashy things。
书有可浅尝者,有可吞食者,少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之,有只须读其部分者,有只须大体涉猎者,少数则须全读,读时须全神贯注,孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读,取其所作摘要,但只限题材较次或价值不高者,否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏,淡而无味。
Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man。And therefore, if a man write little, he had need h*e a great memory; if he confer little, he had need h*e a present wit; and if he read little, he had need h*e much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not。
读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,笔记使人准确。因此不常做笔记者须记忆力特强,不常讨论者须天生聪颖,不常读书者须欺世有术,始能无知而显有知。
Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral gr*e; logic and rhetoric able to contend。Abeunt studia in mores(Latin: studies go into forming one?蒺s character)。
读史使人明智,读诗使人灵秀,数学使人周密,科学使人深刻,伦理学使人庄重,逻辑修辞之学使人善辩;凡有所学,皆成性格。
Nay, there is no stand or impediment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies: like as diseases of the body may h*e appropriate exercises。Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like。So if a man?蒺s wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations,if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again: if his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the schoolmen; for they are cymini sectores(Latin: dividers of cumin…seed);if he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers?蒺cases: so every defect of the mind may h*e a special receipt。
人之才智但有滞碍,无不可读适当之书使之顺畅,一如身体百病,皆可借相宜之运动除之。滚球利睾肾,射箭利胸肺,慢步利肠胃,骑术利头脑,诸如此类。如智力不集中,可令读数学,盖演题需全神贯注,稍有分散即须重演;如不能辩异,可令读经院哲学,盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人;如不善求同,不善以一物阐证另一物,可令读律师之案卷。如此头脑中凡有缺陷,皆有特效可医。
文字是思想的外衣。
——王飞
电子书 分享网站
特质三 写口(1)
写口——用文字表达思想的高级思维能力
所谓“写口”,是指用“手”执笔写出“口中言”,从而传达“心中想”。文字是语言运动的高级方式。脑子里出现一个念头后,仅仅用嘴说出来,我们称之为“想法”,只有用文字记录下来,才能成为“思想”。文字的出现使人类伟大的思想的传递不再受到时间和空间的限制,才有了思想的源远流长。
据说曹雪芹写《红楼梦》时,他经常徘徊于市井、茶肆等地,在那里认真地听别人讲故事,还把自己构思的故事讲给别人听,回去之后把别人和自己的“口中言”书写成文。《聊斋志异》的故事,也多是蒲松龄在自己开设的免费茶馆里,把道听途说的各类鬼怪故事,搜集整理记录而成册。外行人以为学者们都是先写书然后才到处讲述自己的理论,实际上,很多情况下是先到处讲述想法,然后再写书,总结成系统的理论。
写口,不仅是孩子练习写作的方法,还是未来的学问与学术之道。
“有话写不出”的困惑
我有一个同事的孩子,由于从小学低年级开始就参加奥赛补习班,数学成绩“一级棒”,就是不愿学习语文,找不到感觉,尤其不会写作文。老师留了作文,要么只会记流水账,要么就写不出来,愁得直哭。我就此问过语文老师,老师的回答总是“孩子平时写作素材积累得少”、“生活阅历少”“读书太少”“缺乏对生活的感知能力,不会观察生活”等等。这些回答初听起来似乎有道理,但是,当我反问了几句后问题出现了,我问“积累多少素材就够了呢,积累什么就可以了呢,赶紧让他们去积累”;“生活阅历多少就能写出好文章了呢”,“他的同桌比他的生活阅历多吗,为什么他就能写出不错的文章呢”;“读多少书就可以了呢,要读哪些书呢,快把书目列出来让他们去读啊”;“既然不会观察,那就该马上告诉他们如何观察,怎么观察呢?”等等一连串的问题,最后被问的老师哑口无言。
其实检验孩子会不会写作文的方法很简单:看孩子会不会讲话。如果他们能说起自己感兴趣的话题时滔滔不绝地说个不停,撒起谎来有鼻子有眼,他或她绝对是写作文的高手。
我们现在使用的是“白话文”。推广白话文的目的就在于让?
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